Czoboly G., Erd\u0151s, G.: QDMTT\u2019s Alignment with International Obligations with Potential Deviations, Kluwer Law International, Intertax,2025 (Vol 53). No 4, pp 362 \u2013 382<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Egy belf\u00f6ldi kieg\u00e9sz\u00edt\u0151 ad\u00f3 bevezet\u00e9se biztos\u00edtja, hogy a befektet\u00e9si orsz\u00e1g rendelkezzen els\u0151dleges ad\u00f3ztat\u00e1si joggal a glob\u00e1lis minimum ad\u00f3szint el\u00e9r\u00e9s\u00e9hez sz\u00fcks\u00e9ges ad\u00f3 beszed\u00e9s\u00e9re. Ez azonban bizonyos t\u00edpus\u00fa j\u00f6vedelemad\u00f3-kedvezm\u00e9nyeket idej\u00e9tm\u00faltt\u00e1, \u00e9s a fogad\u00f3 orsz\u00e1gok befektet\u0151inek tett \u00edg\u00e9retek egy r\u00e9sz\u00e9t teljes\u00edthetetlenn\u00e9 teszi, ami potenci\u00e1lis fesz\u00fclts\u00e9get teremt a min\u0151s\u00edtett belf\u00f6ldi kieg\u00e9sz\u00edt\u0151 ad\u00f3rendszerek \u00e9s a nemzetk\u00f6zi beruh\u00e1z\u00e1si meg\u00e1llapod\u00e1sok k\u00f6z\u00f6tt. A jelenlegi cikk az orsz\u00e1gok sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra el\u00e9rhet\u0151 ad\u00f3strat\u00e9gi\u00e1kra \u00f6sszpontos\u00edt, amelyek minimaliz\u00e1lj\u00e1k a QDMTT \u00e9s az IIA-k k\u00f6z\u00f6tti konfliktust, mik\u00f6zben megfelelnek a GloBE k\u00f6vetelm\u00e9nyeinek. R\u00e9szletesen megvizsg\u00e1ljuk a k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 t\u00edpus\u00fa \u00f6szt\u00f6nz\u0151k glob\u00e1lis minimum ad\u00f3 k\u00f6vetkezm\u00e9nyeit, az IIA-k \u00e9s a GloBE elt\u00e9r\u0151 hat\u00f3k\u00f6r\u00e9t \u00e9s terminol\u00f3gi\u00e1j\u00e1t, valamint a beruh\u00e1z\u00e1si egyezm\u00e9nyek \u00e9s a GloBE \u00e1ltal kiv\u00e1ltott ad\u00f3politikai v\u00e1ltoz\u00e1sok k\u00f6lcs\u00f6nhat\u00e1s\u00e1t. Arra a k\u00f6vetkeztet\u00e9sre jutottunk, hogy a GloBE k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 ad\u00f3kedvezm\u00e9nyeket r\u00e9szes\u00edt el\u0151nyben m\u00e1sokkal szemben, korl\u00e1tozva az orsz\u00e1gok lehet\u0151s\u00e9geit ad\u00f3politik\u00e1juk alak\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1ban. Mivel a GloBE-val jobban \u00f6sszhangban l\u00e9v\u0151 \u00f6szt\u00f6nz\u0151k t\u00f6bb szabad p\u00e9nzt ig\u00e9nyelnek a joghat\u00f3s\u00e1gokt\u00f3l, m\u00f3dos\u00edt\u00e1suk kih\u00edv\u00e1st jelenthet a fejl\u0151d\u0151 orsz\u00e1gok sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra, amelyek nem rendelkeznek a sz\u00fcks\u00e9ges p\u00e9nz\u00fcgyi forr\u00e1sokkal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The introduction of a domestic top-up tax system ensures that the investment country has the primary taxing right to collect the tax necessary to reach the global minimum tax level.\u00a0However, this makes certain types of income tax incentives redundant and makes some of the promises made to the investors in host countries unfulfillable, creating potential tension between qualified domestic top-up tax systems and international investment agreements. The current article focuses on the tax strategies available to countries that minimize the conflict between QDMTT and IIAs while meeting GloBE requirements. We examine in detail the global minimum tax consequences of the different types of incentives, the different scope and terminology of IIAs and GloBE, and the interaction of investment treaties and any GloBE induced changes in tax policy. We conclude that different tax incentives are favoured over others by GloBE, limiting countries’ possibilities to form their tax policies. Since the incentives that are more in line with GloBE require more free cash from jurisdictions, modifying them could be challenging for developing countries without the necessary financial resources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
G Erd\u0151s, G. Czoboly: Financial Windfall Taxation and Non-Performing Loan Transactions: A State Aid Perspective, European Taxation, 2025 (Volume 65), No. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Abstract: Az EU nemteljes\u00edt\u0151 hitelekr\u0151l (NPL) sz\u00f3l\u00f3 ir\u00e1nyelve (2021\/2167) c\u00e9lja, hogy versenyk\u00e9pesebb \u00e9s likvidebb NPL-piacot teremtsen az\u00e1ltal, hogy felsz\u00e1molja a nem banki befektet\u0151k \u00e1ltali NPL-v\u00e1s\u00e1rl\u00e1s szab\u00e1lyoz\u00e1si akad\u00e1lyait. Ugyanakkor tov\u00e1bbra is l\u00e9teznek bankad\u00f3k, amelyek potenci\u00e1lisan ad\u00f3el\u0151ny\u00f6ket eredm\u00e9nyezhetnek azoknak a befektet\u0151knek, akik nem min\u0151s\u00fclnek p\u00e9nz\u00fcgyi int\u00e9zm\u00e9nynek, \u00e9s ez\u00e9rt nem tartoznak a bankad\u00f3 hat\u00e1lya al\u00e1. A cikkben felvetett k\u00e9rd\u00e9s az, hogy ez az el\u0151ny tiltott \u00e1llami t\u00e1mogat\u00e1snak tekinthet\u0151-e. A feljegyz\u00e9s kiemeli azokat a f\u0151bb elemeket, amelyeket meg kell vizsg\u00e1lni a vil\u00e1gos v\u00e1lasz \u00e9rdek\u00e9ben.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The EU Non-Performing Loans (NPL) Directive (2021\/2167) aims to promote a more competitive and liquid market for NPLs by removing regulatory barriers for purchasing NPLs by non-banking investors. At the same time, banking taxes continue to exist, which could potentially result in tax advantages for investors who are not classified as financial institutions and therefore are not subject to banking tax. The question raised in this note is whether that advantage may be considered as prohibited State aid. The note highlights the major elements that should be investigated in order to provide a clear answer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Erd\u0151s G., Czoboly G: Smart Answers to GloBE Challenges Faced by a Small Country, IBFD, European Taxation, 2024 (Volume 64), No 10.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A GLoBE projekt ad\u00f3elker\u00fcl\u00e9s ellenes projektk\u00e9nt indult. K\u00e9s\u0151bb a hangs\u00faly az ad\u00f3verseny ellenes jelleg\u00e9re helyez\u0151d\u00f6tt \u00e1t. T\u00e1mogathat\u00f3, nemes c\u00e9ljai ellen\u00e9re azonban nem k\u00edn\u00e1l m\u00e9lt\u00e1nyos megold\u00e1st, mivel t\u00falhangs\u00falyozza a j\u00f6vedelemad\u00f3k szerep\u00e9t. Alacsony ad\u00f3kulcs\u00fa orsz\u00e1gk\u00e9nt stigmatiz\u00e1l olyan orsz\u00e1gokat, mint Magyarorsz\u00e1g, b\u00e1r Magyarorsz\u00e1g 33,16%-os ad\u00f3bev\u00e9tel-GDP ar\u00e1nya k\u00f6zel van az OECD 34,04%-os \u00e1tlag\u00e1hoz. A h\u00e1tr\u00e1nyt az ad\u00f3rendszer elt\u00e9r\u0151 szerkezete okozza, amely ink\u00e1bb a forgalmi ad\u00f3kra \u00e9s a t\u00e1rsadalombiztos\u00edt\u00e1si ad\u00f3kra t\u00e1maszkodik, mint a j\u00f6vedelemad\u00f3kra. M\u00e1s sz\u00f3val, az \u00e1llami kiad\u00e1sokat nagyr\u00e9szt a belf\u00f6ldi fogyaszt\u00e1sb\u00f3l, nem pedig az orsz\u00e1gban megszerzett j\u00f6vedelemb\u0151l finansz\u00edrozz\u00e1k. Ennek a modellnek az \u00fczleti racionalit\u00e1sa egy kis orsz\u00e1g szemsz\u00f6g\u00e9b\u0151l egyszer\u0171: az alacsony j\u00f6vedelemad\u00f3k magasabb ad\u00f3zott hozamot biztos\u00edtanak a k\u00fclf\u00f6ldi befektet\u0151k sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra. A glob\u00e1lis minimumad\u00f3-kezdem\u00e9nyez\u00e9st (2. pill\u00e9r) jogosan kritiz\u00e1lhatjuk az\u00e9rt, mert elveszi a kis orsz\u00e1gokb\u00f3l \u00e9rkez\u0151 k\u00fclf\u00f6ldi befektet\u00e9sek vonz\u00e1s\u00e1nak versenyel\u0151ny\u00e9t, ahelyett, hogy egyszer\u0171en megsz\u00fcntetn\u00e9 a mobil j\u00f6vedelmekre vonatkoz\u00f3 speci\u00e1lis ad\u00f3rendszerek felaj\u00e1nl\u00e1s\u00e1nak lehet\u0151s\u00e9g\u00e9t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The GLoBE project started as an anti-avoidance project. Later, the emphasis shifted to its anti-tax competition nature. However, despite its supportable, noble goals it does not provide an equitable solution as it overemphasizes the role of income taxes. It stigmatizes countries like Hungary as a low tax country, although Hungary\u2019s 33.16% tax revenue-GDP ratio is close to the OECD average of 34.04% The disadvantage is caused by the different structure of its tax system which relies more on turnover taxes and social security taxes than income taxes. In other words, state spendings are mostly financed from domestic consumption rather than income earned in the country. The business rationality of this model from a small country perspective is simple: low income taxes ensure higher after-tax return for foreign investors. The global minimum tax initiative (Pillar 2) can rightfully be criticized for taking away this competitive advantage of attracting foreign investment from small countries rather than just eliminating the possibility of offering special tax regimes for mobile income.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Erd\u0151s, G., Czoboly, G.: New legislative tool for introducing EU-wide windfall taxes, European Taxation<\/em>, 2023 (Volume 63), No. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n On 30 September 2022 the European Council agreed on a new regulation implementing emergency measures with the aim to mitigate high energy prices and the risk of supply shortages in Europe by introducing new funding means. The regulation is unique because it introduces sectoral, temporary tax measures (without actually calling them taxes) on \u201cextra-profits\u201d in the form of a Council regulation agreed by Energy Misters without the requirement of unanimous support of the member states. To make the situation more complex, during the summer some countries \u2013 including Hungary \u2013 have already introduced national windfall taxes, which may be maintained if they are considered comparable to the new EU solidarity contribution. The article examines the operation and legal compatibility of the new EU windfall tax-measures, comparing them with the already existing Hungarian windfall taxes and making comments on the possible scenarios on the way forward.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Erd\u0151s, G: <\/strong>T\u0151kekivon\u00e1si ad\u00f3 \u00e9s a transzfer\u00e1raz\u00e1s (The interaction of exit tax and transfer pricing), Miskolci Jogi Szemle<\/em>, 16<\/em>(5), (2021) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32980\/MJSz.2021.5.1461<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n The article investigates the relationship between tax base amendments necessary due to either exit tax or transfer pricing rules. The main research question is whether there is any overlap between the transactions covered by exit tax or transfer pricing rules and, if affirmative, which rule has priority. The applicability of OECD recommendations, and their place in respect of EU legislation is also analyzed. In the article Hungary is used as an example of the introduction of the EU exit tax rules and their interaction with transfer pricing in the domestic legislation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Dr. \u0150ry Tam\u00e1s, Dr. Erd\u0151s Gabriella, Dr. V\u00e1radi Adrienn: Az Eur\u00f3pai Uni\u00f3 ad\u00f3joga<\/a> (European Union Tax Law), Wolters Kluwer Hungary, Budapest, 2021 ISBN 9789632959801<\/p>\n\n\n\n A magyar uni\u00f3s tags\u00e1g alapvet\u0151en hat\u00e1rozza meg a magyar ad\u00f3jogi rendszer alak\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1nak ir\u00e1nyait. A k\u00f6tet a hazai szakmai k\u00f6nyvpiacon egyed\u00fcl\u00e1ll\u00f3 m\u00f3don az Eur\u00f3pai Uni\u00f3 ad\u00f3harmoniz\u00e1ci\u00f3s tev\u00e9kenys\u00e9g\u00e9nek rendszerezett feldolgoz\u00e1s\u00e1t adja. Ennek sor\u00e1n bemutatja az ad\u00f3harmoniz\u00e1ci\u00f3 alapvet\u0151 k\u00e9rd\u00e9seit, az uni\u00f3s ad\u00f3jog jellemz\u0151it, az ad\u00f3harmoniz\u00e1ci\u00f3 fontosabb int\u00e9zm\u00e9nyeit \u00e9s az ad\u00f3harmoniz\u00e1ci\u00f3 alapszerz\u0151d\u00e9sekben szerepl\u0151 keretszab\u00e1lyait. R\u00e9szletesen ismerteti a forgalmi \u00e9s j\u00f6ved\u00e9ki ad\u00f3ztat\u00e1s, a k\u00f6zvetlen ad\u00f3k \u00e9s az uni\u00f3s ad\u00f3\u00fcgyi egy\u00fcttm\u0171k\u00f6d\u00e9s jogszab\u00e1lyi kereteit. A kiadv\u00e1ny k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6s hangs\u00falyt helyez az Eur\u00f3pai B\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1g ad\u00f3jogi gyakorlat\u00e1nak \u00e9s a magyar ad\u00f3rendszert \u00e9rint\u0151 harmoniz\u00e1ci\u00f3s k\u00f6telezetts\u00e9gek bemutat\u00e1s\u00e1ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The EU membership substantially affects the directions of the development of the Hungarian tax system. \u00a0The book gives a systematic analysis of the EU tax law, its principles, characteristics, and institutions. It covers both the positive law and case law developed in the area of direct taxes, value added tax, excise tax, and administrative cooperation with a special emphasis of the compliance of the Hungarian tax system and the case law related thereto.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Erd\u0151s, G: 2019 \u2013 az ad\u00f3kiker\u00fcl\u00e9s elleni k\u00f6z\u00f6s eur\u00f3pai fell\u00e9p\u00e9s \u00e9ve<\/a> (2019 \u2013 The year of joint efforts against aggressive tax planning<\/em>) in: A gazdas\u00e1gi jog \u00e9s az ad\u00f3jog aktu\u00e1lis k\u00e9rd\u00e9sei 2020-ban (tanulm\u00e1nyk\u00f6tet, szerk. Bodz\u00e1s,. B) Corvinus Egyetem, Budapest, (2020), 126-149. ISBN 978-963-503-845-9<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hungary carried out most of the EU ATAD implementation in 2019. The article analyses the general concepts and the specific new rules in a broader context of tax avoidance, aggressive tax planning and the taxpayer\u2019s right to pay the proper amount of tax.\u00a0 Hungary applies a number of general anti-avoidance principles, the most important ones being the improper use of law, substance over form, prohibition of multiple deductions under the same title, sound business reason, and acting in good faith. Many of those principles were derived from civil law, but developed their tax-specific content. The article compares the similar civil law and tax GAAR and analyses their main characteristics. As to the specific ATAD rules, the article focuses on the options Hungary made when introducing interest limitation, CFC, exit tax, and hybrid arrangement rules.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Erd\u0151s, G: Kinek \u00e9s mikor kell adatot szolg\u00e1ltatnia az ad\u00f3strukt\u00far\u00e1kr\u00f3l <\/a>(Who has to Provide Information on Tax Structures)<\/em> SZAKma 2020\/4 (2020), 2-4 p<\/p>\n\n\n\n The brief paper summarizes the most important rules of DAC 6 and its Hungarian implementation. It also highlights the new compliance obligations of tax advisors and other participants in international tax structuring<\/p>\n\n\n\n Erd\u0151s, G.: A t\u00e1rsas\u00e1gok leteleped\u00e9si szabads\u00e1ga \u00e9s a magyar ad\u00f3jog <\/a> (Freedom of Establishment and the Hungarian Tax Law)<\/em> Eur\u00f3pai Jog 16<\/strong> (3) (2016), 11-22. ISSN 1587-2769<\/p>\n\n\n\n The paper gives a detailed analysis of the relationship between the establishment of freedom and the transfer of legal seat of a legal entity. Different legal systems and branches of law define \u2018legal seat\u2019 in different ways. The EU relies on the national definitions without elucidating whether those are of international private law, corporate law or tax law. In fact, the definitions were so confusing that Ireland suggested the re-opening of the oral phase in the Cartesio case (C-210\/06). The paper examines different legal seat concepts and some basic questions regarding the domicile and the residence of legal persons, as well, as the potential tax consequences of the transfer of legal seat between countries using different criteria for domicile and residence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Erd\u0151s, G.: The EU Accession of Hungary, in The EU accession States Tax Memo<\/em> (Eds. Vegh, P.G., Kesti, E., Nettinga, M.) International Bureau of Fiscal Documentation<\/strong>, Amsterdam (2004), 179 \u2013 194. ISBN 90-76078-68-8<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hungary\u2019 s preparation for the European economic integration is based on the Associated Membership Treaty (AMT) signed between Hungary and the member states in 1991. As a part of the harmonization procedure all the existing domestic tax laws have been mapped, reviewed and the areas of necessary changes have been determined. The final EU report stated that the Hungarian tax system was overall ready for the accession although further efforts should be made in the area of the development of a computer aided information system, the increase of the capacity of the tax authorities in order to be able to efficiently cooperate with the fellow-tax authorities, provide the joint information system with data and be able to use the data provided by that system. The paper summarizes the most important changes made in order to ensure full EU compatibility of the Hungarian tax system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n F\u00f6ldes, B.; Erd\u0151s, G.; and \u0150ry, T.:Az Eur\u00f3pai Uni\u00f3 ad\u00f3joga<\/a> (EU Tax Law)<\/em>, Wolters Kluwer, Budapest, (2013), 289-468. ISBN 978-963-295- 30-45 (Table of content of Direct Tax chapter<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n The book gives a comprehensive summary of the EU tax legislation with specific references to case law, and the Hungarian implementation of the EU rules.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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